فصلنامه برنامه ریزی منطقه ای
پیاپی 45 (بهار 1401)

Assessing and understanding the competitive concept of global tourism in a country is a key prerequisite for policymakers and a significant challenge for researchers in the decision-making process. The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) measures a set of factors and policies that enable the sustainable development of the travel and tourism sector, which in turn contributes to a country's development and competitiveness. In the meantime, Islamic countries due to their diverse geographical locations, dispersion and distribution of population in all parts of the world and continents, and the diversity and breadth of climatic conditions, as well as cultural richness of high status and potential in domestic and international tourism. Internationally enjoy. In this regard, this article has been done with the aim of measuring and determining the position of Islamic countries in terms of 14 indicators of travel and tourism competitiveness during the period 2015 to 2019 using the Mabak model and emphasizing Iran. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. Shannon quantitative entropy models and the latest MABAC multi-criteria decision making technique (MABAC) were used to analyze the data. The results of this study for the countries studied in 2015 showed that the countries of the United Arab Emirates, Malaysia and Turkey ranked first to third with Mabak (0.416), (0.373) and (0.333) points, respectively. In 2017, the three countries again ranked first to third with the points of Mabak (0.417), (0.389) and (0.342), respectively, and for 2019, Malaysia, the United Arab Emirates and Turkey, respectively. With Mobak score (0.398), (0.375) and (0.374), they were in the first to third ranks. Iran was also in the 15th, 11th and 12th place during the years 2015-2017-2019 with the amount of Mabak (0.132), (0.140) and (0.078) points, respectively. The main obstacle to the tourism industry in most Islamic countries is the security and closure of countries, which has prevented higher growth.

Nowadays globalization is a very important and undeniable issue that has different economic, social, and political dimensions. Globalization has occurred due to economic, political, scientific developments, and the expansion of communications In the recent decade, and countries must align themselves with it. On the other hand, the economic growth and development of countries are very much Has been affected by which relationship, and globalization affects through various ways. One of the indicators that have recently been used to measure the economic growth and development of countries is the Economic Complexity Index. That is a reflection of the country's productive capabilities and plays an important role in economic growth. This study aims to examine the effect of globalization in three economic, social, and political dimensions on the economic complexity of countries. statistics on globalization in three economic, social, and political dimensions are extracted from the website of the Swiss Economic Institute KOF. The Human Capital Accumulation Index, and Good Governance Indicators, have also been used as control variables in this study. For this purpose, 110 countries over 15 years were studied from 2002 to 2016 using the data panel method. The research findings indicate that the globalization index in all three dimensions has a positive and significant effect on the Economic Complexity Index. The coefficients in all three dimensions are measured respectively Economic dimension (0.01), Social dimension (0.07), and Political dimension (0.03). This shows that the index of globalization in the social dimension has the greatest impact. The all three dimensions of globalization could reinforce the economic complexity.

Evaluating the performance of municipalities is one of the main tools of proper city management to achieve the goals, strategies and plans of the institution. In this regard, the purpose of the the study is to evaluate the performance of municipalities in 11 urban areas of Lorestan province and rank them based on standard indicators. Has been. The type of applied research is the descriptive-analytical method used; the data collection tool is based on documentary sources and libraries. Study indicators; They were analyzed using FTOPSIS and SWOT-AHP techniques. The findings of the fuzzy TOPSIS technique reflect the fact that in the field of urban planning and Article 100; Khorramabad city, in the section of contracts and traffic and transportation of Boroujerd city, in the financial affairs section of Aligoudarz city, in the municipal services and administrative area of ​​Khorramabad city and finally in the council approvals section of Aligudarz city is in the first place. The results of internal and external factors show that among the points of opportunity, O2 (utilization of specialized educated manpower), among the strengths S1 (existence of approved urban plans in the studied urban areas) among the points of threat T2 (lack of sustainable sources of income) Finally, among the weaknesses, W4 (lack of proper handling of violations by supervising engineers) had the greatest impact on the formulation of the four strategies. Examining the effect of weight changes on the four main criteria and their effect on the results in the Expert Choice software environment indicates that ST-related strategies have the highest sensitivity and WT strategy has the lowest sensitivity of municipal performance for city management.

Today, the planning and foresight of sustainable tourism development has attracted the attention of many policymakers, sociologists and planners around the world, to provide the future of sustainable tourism development in economic, social and environmental dimensions. The purpose of this study is to plan and plan for the sustainable development of tourism in Khuzestan province. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method, it is a combination of documentary and survey methods. The statistical population of this study is 40 experts who have sufficient knowledge and experience in the tourism sector. To analyze the data and information, Delphi model was used in Micmac futurism software and Wizard scenario. The results showed that with 2 repetitions of the data rotation, the obtained filling index is equal to 93.71%, which indicates the high coefficient of influence of the variables and the selected factors on each other. Also, based on the calculated value of 1283, 346 items with the highest volume had the highest direct impact on other research indicators. Therefore, according to the data of research analysis, the most desirable scenario is scenario one, which is a set of specialized management index, water and climate conditions, media, transportation network, welfare and reception services and Appropriateness includes cost.

The model of urban governance as an alternative to the traditional model of urban governance emphasizes the transition from formal structures as the center of decision-making to the role of civil society in the exercise of democratic rights and the performance of duties. This research is a descriptive-analytical study that aims to investigate and evaluate the status of urban management in Iran based on good governance indicators in Karaj. Data collection was done through field and library studies. The statistical population includes a group of urban planning experts who were selected by snowball sampling 30 people. Factor analysis, T-test, and ANP integrated analysis model were used for data analysis using SPSS and ANP software. The findings of the study showed that the good governance of the city with a coefficient of T 1.344 is moderate based on the needs and desires of the citizens. Also, the security index (with a coefficient of T = 7.938) and the rule of law (with a coefficient of T = 7.490) scored the highest. In this regard, the indicators of adherence of city management to the customs and traditions of the city with a coefficient of importance of 0.956; Gender justice in the city with a coefficient of importance of 0.962; And the ability to strengthen indigenous and local mechanisms with a coefficient of importance of 0.968 have been more effective in good urban governance than other indicators. According to the ANP model, transparency indicators (C); efficiency and effectiveness (E); responsibility and accountability (F); Consequently, it is necessary to achieve good urban governance, strengthen grassroots organizations, strengthen competitive environment, transparency, strengthen executive and planning mechanisms, and eliminate bureaucracy.

Implementing subsidies targeting policy in Iran is one of the measures aimed at reducing poverty, reducing the class gap between different deciles of society and especially improving economic indicators in rural areas. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of subsidizing targeting on poverty and instability of rural households. This research is a fundamental exploratory and descriptive-analytical research. The required data were collected through both field and document methods. In this study, first, the research indices in two 6-year periods, before subsidizing targeting (2005-2010) and 6-year period after subsidizing targeting (2011-2016), were studied in all villages of the country and the average of each The index was compared before and after the targeting of subsidies and then the results of this section were compared with those of field research in the sample studied. The statistical sample of this study consisted of 22 villages of Neyshabur villages were selected by systematic random sampling using Cochran formula. The results of the study showed that the implementation of targeted subsidies has, in the first place, raised inflation rates and in some years even surpassed rural inflation over urban inflation. It has also led to changes in the composition of household expenditures, changes in the composition of household food expenditures and non-food household expenditures. But the implementation of the plan, because of the high rate of household benefit from the project, ultimately increased household income and also created a new source of income for rural households. But the implementation of the plan, because of the high rate of household benefit from the project, ultimately increased household income and also created a new source of income for rural households.

One of the most important responsibilities of any country is to regulate its foreign relations with other countries through foreign policy, and in the meantime, one of the most important variables influencing the formation of foreign policy is the geopolitical foundations. The Islamic Republic of Iran, due to its proximity to various geopolitical and geostrategic regions, must use these foundations to achieve maximum national goals and interests in its foreign policy. In exploiting these foundations, in some areas with other countries, especially with neighboring countries, contradictions and contrast occur in some cases. Meanwhile, one of the countries whose actions and policies have always been important and effective for the Islamic Republic of Iran is Turkey. As one of the most important players and neighbors of Iran in the region of Southwest Asia, this country has always been in competition with the Islamic Republic of Iran to achieve national goals and interests in its foreign policy and has to establish national interests in the region of these two countries And Communication (interaction-confrontation) has taken place in various fields, and this issue doubles the need to study the relations between the two countries. The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology and is applied in terms of the type of research. The geopolitical foundations influencing the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in relation to Turkey are: how the two countries relate to the United States and Israel, competition in Central Asia and the Caucasus, the Kurdish issue, Shiite geopolitics and how to respond to regional developments including Iraq and Syria. Findings show that in accordance with the policies adopted by both countries in the region, the Islamic Republic of Iran has chosen relations from the interactive to competitive spectrum to Turkey in order to achieve maximum national interests

Lack of attention to the demands of the villagers regarding the assessment of the level of satisfaction with the quality of services provided in rural centers will lead to many challenges in the development of rural development. Therefore, analyzing and identifying the strengths and weaknesses of services in the Russian environment will help local management, planners, and rural stakeholders in appropriate and efficient planning in this area. According to the purpose of the applied research and according to the data collection method, the present research is a survey type and according to the nature of the data, it is a quantitative research type. Based on the background of the research and preliminary studies of researchers in the field of coordinating the main questionnaire with the conditions and requirements of local management services has been set. The results showed that due to planning based on the technology-oriented approach (technical-instrumental and with expert originality) and disregarding the opinion and demands of rural residents studied in development programs and implementation of projects, a lot of gaps between expectations and perceptions. Rural residents have local management services in terms of sensibility, reliability, reliability, responsiveness, and empathy. Although in some aspects of the five dimensions, the situation of the villages has improved compared to the past, but little attention has been paid to the demands of the villagers and their non-participation in the service process.

TEnvironmental quality and its promotion are important and effective issues in the rural development process. This index has always been considered by experts and planners. In this regard, planning and formulating policies in rural areas with the aim of achieving sustainable development, requires recognizing and analyzing the current situation. In the present study, the status of environmental quality indicators and the prioritization of villages in Hemmatabad district (Borujerd County) have been investigated. The research is applied and the method of doing it is descriptive-analytical. Two methods of documentary and field (questionnaire) have been used to collect the required data. In the questionnaire method, the required data were collected in the form of a questionnaire in 13 sample villages and descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the environmental quality of the studied villages is above average. Among the studied indices, the most appropriate situation is related to the social environment index (average equal to 38.04) and the most inappropriate situation is related to the quality index of tissue environment and communication networks (average equal to 16.36). The results also indicate that there is a significant relationship between the environmental quality of villages and the tendency to live and the persistence of the population. Finally, the prioritization of the sample villages in terms of the status of environmental quality indicators showed that Valashan village is in the first rank (score 0.9339) and Qaleh No Hakimi village is in the lowest rank (score 0.6774).

Today, one of the most important concerns and issues facing developing countries is the establishment of spatial-social justice, development and finding constructive solutions to achieve this important. The political organization of space, if not the most important issue of modern governments, is undoubtedly one of the most sensitive and important issues that seek the help of political, social, history and culture factors of a society.The choice of a system of national divisions consisting of subdivisions and the division of administrative functions is not something that is simply related to administrative interests. In Iran, in 1976, at the suggestion of the Minister of Interior, the Cabinet approved the change of the name of the coastal province, ports, the Persian Gulf islands and the Sea of Oman to Hormozgan province. This province has long been known as the gateway to the Middle East, and now the city of Bandar Abbas, as the largest port on the Persian Gulf, is of great importance in the political and economic considerations of the region. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the position of spatial justice in Hormozgan province based on the indicators of political organization of space (infrastructure and infrastructure, poverty, residential hierarchy, environment) in comparison with other provinces of the country. With qualitative method and descriptive-analytical nature and using library resources, Internet sites have been done with an approach to the theory of hierarchical system of settlements. The results show that Hormozgan province is not in a good position in terms of establishing spatial justice and level of development and the indicators of political organization of space in this province are not properly managed.

Streets network is one of the main factors in creating cities' spatial structure. The purpose of preparing development plans by urban planners in addition to solving the existing problems is to depict a desirable and optimal future for cities. Spatial structure at the macro level is an appropriate tool in this regard. So, paying attention to policies, macro-physical and functional goals of the city is inevitable because a change into the urban spatial structure will be a change into policies and future development goals of the city. The thing that the legislator had seen in the article 5 of the law establishing the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran, and However, there is a lack of research on measuring the flexibility of urban development plans as a result of enacting urban policies. So the research aims to assess the changes of Sari’s spatial structure, affected by the decisions of the Article 5 Commission of the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran, and the degree of flexibility of the spatial structure of this city, as the center of one of the most important provinces of Iran, which is under pressure from the changes in population and activity that is under pressure from various forces against changes related to the network of passages. Thus, at first, the spatial structure of the city has been extracted from the outputs of the plan with an emphasis on the roads, and then its tolerance threshold is determined based on the designed patterns. Also in this research, by having information before and after applying the opinions of the Article 5 Commission on the city, specifically on the roads, the McNemar test has been used to check the significance of the changes. The results of the test indicate that out of 193 roads in the city, divided into 5 categories after the changes of Article 5 Commission, 32 roads with discrepancies and 161 roads remained without discrepancies, and the amount of chi-square obtained from the test is 2.89.

The growth and development of metropolises, along with the increase in their population, has brought many problems for these biological centers, including the development of informal housing for newcomers in the suburbs, rising land and housing prices. He pointed out the limits of cities and the reduction of people's ability to provide their desired housing. This has led to the policy of building new cities in the vicinity of metropolises about two decades ago in order to attract the overflow of their population. However, studies show that these cities are less welcomed by metropolitan residents and therefore have never reached the approved population. Therefore, in this study, by examining the different dimensions of space policy for land, the relationship between sustainable employment in new cities and their population is investigated. In this regard, the new city of Sadra near the metropolis of Shiraz has been selected as a case study and while examining the causes and factors affecting the population of this city, the reasons for the non-realization of its approved population will be addressed. The research is quantitative and collects information in the form of documents (review of the master plan and revision of the master plan, law on the creation of new cities, documents and approvals in the field of new cities, etc.), library studies, survey-based survey and field observations has taken. The results indicate that the most important reasons for choosing the new city of Sadra for housing, cheap housing and the possibility of land acquisition. Meanwhile, the lack of job opportunities and the required facilities and services have been one of the reasons why people do not like Sadra. The sale of land before their preparation and directing the demand for land and housing in Shiraz to the new city of Sadra, as well as the lack of sustainable sources of income for the city are also among the factors affecting the slow formation of the new city of Sadra. Also, the construction of satellite towns near the new city of Sadra is another factor affecting the lack of attracting the desired population to Sadra.

The tourism industry is recognized as a good driver for development in emerging economies in urban communities. Feeling satisfied with the destination on the one hand and encouraging friends and acquaintances on the other hand cause frequent visits to tourist destinations. The purpose of this study is to explain the effects of experience and motivation of tourists in urban areas on the satisfaction and loyalty of tourists in the tourist areas of Kish and Qeshm. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational according to the data collection method. The statistical population of the study is all tourists in the tourist areas of Kish and Qeshm in 1400. Using Cochran's formula method, 384 people were selected as a sample and 399 questionnaires were distributed non-randomly through available sampling, so that a questionnaire was prepared. 399 questionnaires were collected. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which was 0/762. The data were also measured by structural equation modeling and Smart - PLS software. The results showed that the image of the urban destination plays a role on the motivation, satisfaction and experience of tourists in urban areas and the effect of urban tourists motivation on tourists' satisfaction and loyalty from tourist areas has been shown and also, the role of tourism experience in urban areas on the satisfaction and loyalty of tourists from tourist areas has been expressed. Finally, the effect of urban tourist satisfaction on tourist loyalty from tourist areas was confirmed.

the environmental pollutions and their security risks have become major threats to human health. Nanotechnology is one of the methods to overcome this problem. The purpose of this study is to investigate the design of a model for reducing air pollution in order to increase the security of metropolitan areas with a nanotechnology approach in Tehran. This research is descriptive-calibration and it is based on the purpose of applied research, qualitative analysis, and content analysis themes. In the qualitative section, the statistical population of this research consists of 18 experts, university professors and activists in the fields of urban management, political geography, nanotechnology, and environment. They were interviewed in a semi-structured manner and all questions were related to the subject in a framework to understand the main question of this research. In the quantitative section, due to their infinity, Cochran formula and Morgan table were used to determine the appropriate number of sample individuals representing the statistical population. according to the Cochran formula and Morgan Table, 384 activists and experts in the fields of urban management, political geography, nanotechnology, and environment were selected. The studied variables are air pollution, nanotechnology, and security. SPSS25 and SMARRTPLS2 software were used for data analysis. According to the research results, a model of reducing air pollution based on nanotechnology is presented in order to increase security extracted by statistical samples. The main criteria such as Average Variance Extracted (AVE), Compositive Reliability (CR), coefficient of determination (R2) and RMSEA showed that the extracted final model has a suitable fitness.

The city can be considered the most complex human product that has undergone its evolutionary process throughout history. Urban issues and issues have many dimensions and levels that make their analysis very difficult. The combination of global and local challenges has created amazing urban complexities that try to intelligently deal with these complexities, ideas, strategies and new tools to improve the quality of urban spaces as the most important scene of life. Collectively formed at shorter intervals than in the past, events are spatial, temporary, and purposeful phenomena, and because they are the result of interaction between people, space, and event management, they are unique and each experience Offer new ones. This research is applied in terms of nature and descriptive analysis in terms of methodology, which seeks to investigate and analyze the rate of orbital event in Shiraz. To achieve the objectives of the research, indicators in three parts; Welfare facilities and infrastructure, transportation infrastructure and in the event space section were extracted in 15 categories. Then, the congestion optimization method was prioritized and then using the network analysis process to analyze the situation of 11 areas of Shiraz, the Analyt Spatial environment was used in the ArcGis software environment. The results showed that more than 65% of the areas of Shiraz, ie areas 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 and 11 are completely deprived and deprived in terms of access to event-oriented indicators. Distinctive results of the situation in the regions of Shiraz in terms of event-oriented indicators show that 27% of the regions are in a fully-fledged state, 9% in a state of enjoyment, 9% in a semi-privileged state, 18% in a deprived state and 47% in a state of deprivation. They were completely deprived. According to these findings, in the regions of Shiraz, the return of welfare infrastructure facilities will be a priority for urban managers.

Population growth, accumulation of capital and the expansion of urbanization in places prone to danger, lead to the emergence of urban society with high vulnerability to accidents. The increasing development of societies and the complexity of their internal and external relations, the importance of management and planning in reducing disasters and their effects on human settlements is becoming increasingly apparent.The northern slopes of the Central Alborz, especially the Lavijrood watershed, mainly due to topographic and physiographic conditions, climatic conditions, non-compliance with technical specifications in the construction of roads and technical buildings and encroachment on the river, geology and other factors affecting runoff, have The potential for flood production is at certain times of the year. In this research, we investigated the performance of the cellular automata (CA) and SCS model as a suitable estimation method, and examined the possibility of integrating the method with the ArcGIS application to simulate the flood hazards and the hydrograph flow for the Lavijrood. The runoff height and the flood hazard were obtained through the SCS method. The flood simulation using the SCS method requires the data of land use, hydrologic groups of soils, Digital Elevation Map (DEM), rainfall, and the roughness coefficient of the basin. The raster format of all these layers was prepared with cell sizes of 30×30 m. A large part of the Lavijrood watershed belongs to the hydrological groups C and D, which have a very low permeability. This means that a large volume of rainfalls converts into runoffs. Due to the low permeability and the vicinity to the watershed outlet, the northern half, especially in the northwest of the watershed, has a very high runoff depth and height. Also, the flood risk is high in Lavijrood River route and its surrounding area especially at the downstream. The runoff simulation in this watershed showed that land use, soil, permeability, slope, and the geographical distribution of rainfalls are the most important factors that control runoffs and their movement to downstream locations to produce floods